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Server+ Certification Cram Notes

Virtual local area network (VLAN)

A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a logical group of network devices that are configured to communicate with each other as if they were on the same physical network segment, even if they are located on different network switches. VLANs allow network administrators to segment a physical network into multiple virtual networks, which can improve network performance, security, and manageability.

To create a VLAN on a network switch, the network administrator typically needs to perform the following steps:

1. Configure the switch ports that will be assigned to the VLAN, either individually or in groups.

2. Create the VLAN and assign a VLAN ID (VID) to it.

3. Assign the switch ports to the VLAN by associating their MAC addresses with the VID.

4. Configure the VLAN with appropriate settings, such as IP addressing and routing, Quality of Service (QoS), and security policies.

Once the VLAN has been created and configured, devices that are connected to the VLAN-aware switch ports can communicate with each other using their assigned VLAN ID, even if they are physically separated by other devices or networks. VLANs can also be used to implement network segmentation and isolation, which can help to reduce the risk of network attacks and improve network performance and management.

Configure server for Default gateways

Configuring a default gateway on a server is necessary to allow it to communicate with devices outside of its local network. Here are the general steps to configure a default gateway on a server:

1. Open the command prompt or terminal on the server.

2. Check the current IP address settings by typing the following command and press Enter: ipconfig /all or ifconfig

3. Identify the IP address of the server, the subnet mask, and the IP address of the current gateway (if any).

4. Determine the IP address of the new default gateway that you want to configure.

5. Type the following command to add the new default gateway:

route add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 <gateway IP address> metric 1

Note: replace with the IP address of the new default gateway.

6. Verify the changes by typing the following command:route print

This will display the routing table, including the new default gateway that you just configured.

Once the default gateway is configured, the server should be able to communicate with devices outside of its local network.

Name resolution

Name resolution is the process of mapping hostnames to their associated IP addresses. This is a critical component of network communication, as it enables devices to locate and communicate with other devices on the network. There are several methods for name resolution, including:

1. Domain Name Service (DNS): DNS is a distributed database system that translates domain names (e.g. www.example.com) to IP addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.1). DNS operates on a hierarchical naming structure, with top-level domain names (such as .com, .org, and .net) managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

2. Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN): An FQDN is the complete domain name for a specific host, including both the hostname and domain name (e.g. server1.example.com).

3. Hosts File: A hosts file is a simple text file that maps IP addresses to hostnames. When a device attempts to connect to a hostname, it first checks its own local hosts file for a matching entry. If no matching entry is found, the device will then query a DNS server for the IP address.

To configure name resolution on a server, the following steps can be taken:

b Configure the server to use one or more DNS servers by specifying their IP addresses in the network configuration settings.

2. Create FQDNs: Assign an FQDN to the server based on its hostname and domain name. This can be done by modifying the server's hostname and domain name settings in the network configuration.

3. Edit the hosts file: If necessary, edit the hosts file on the server to map IP addresses to hostnames. The hosts file can be found at C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts on a Windows server, or /etc/hosts on a Linux server.

Addressing protocols

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) are the two most commonly used addressing protocols on the Internet.

IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol and is still widely used today. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which allow for about 4 billion unique IP addresses. However, with the growth of the Internet and the increasing number of devices connected to it, IPv4 addresses are becoming scarce. To address this issue, IPv6 was introduced.

IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol and is designed to replace IPv4. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, which allows for an enormous number of unique IP addresses (approximately 340 undecillion). This means that every device on the planet can have a unique IP address.

RFC 1918 addresses are a set of reserved IP address ranges that are used for private networks. These addresses are not routable on the Internet and are used to provide unique IP addresses within a private network.

Overall, IPv4 is still widely used today but is slowly being phased out in favor of IPv6, which offers a much larger address space and improved security features.


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